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Calcium Disorders
& Osteoporosis
In Singapore
Osteoporosis is a condition characterised by the weakening of bones, making them fragile and more susceptible to fractures. It occurs when the creation of new bone doesn’t keep up with the removal of old bone.
Are your symptoms affecting your quality of life? Consult our MOH-accredited endocrinologist for a detailed consultation & personalised treatment plan today.
Dr Daphne Lee
MBBS
MRCP(UK)
FAMS
Osteoporosis and Calcium Disorders
Osteoporosis is a condition characterised by the weakening of bones, making them fragile and more susceptible to fractures. It occurs when the creation of new bone doesn’t keep up with the removal of old bone.
Calcium disorders, such as hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia, involve abnormal levels of calcium in the blood. This can affect various body systems, including bone metabolism. Calcium disorders can be caused by imbalance in parathyroid hormone levels.
In the context of endocrinology, these conditions are often linked to hormonal imbalances that regulate calcium and bone metabolism. Osteoporosis and calcium disorders can coexist, as calcium is a necessary component of bone health.
Symptoms of Osteoporosis
The process of bone loss in osteoporosis does not often give rise to noticeable symptoms until a fracture occurs. However, some symptoms of osteoporosis may include:
Lower back pain
The presence of chronic lower back pain may be a sign of vertebral fractures.
Loss of Height
A stooped or hunched posture, or noticeable loss of height, can indicate osteoporosis if it results from vertebral fractures.
Muscle Weakness
Weakness in muscles surrounding affected bones can be a secondary symptom of bone disorders.
Causes
The causes of osteoporosis and other calcium disorders involve several factors including hormonal imbalances and lifestyle choices. These contribute to the weakening of bones.
Hormonal Imbalances
A cause of osteoporosis is an imbalance in hormones that regulates bone metabolism e.g. hyperparathyroidism. In women, decreased oestrogen levels during menopause can accelerate bone loss. In men, lower testosterone levels with age can have a similar effect.
Calcium and Vitamin D Deficiency
Adequate calcium intake and vitamin D levels are necessary to maintain good bone health. Deficiencies in these can lead to decreased bone density and osteoporosis.
Medications and Medical Conditions
Certain medications, such as the long-term use of corticosteroids, can impair bone strength. Conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, which is an endocrine disorder, affect calcium levels and can contribute to osteoporosis.
Genetic Factors
Genetic predisposition plays a role in osteoporosis. A family history of the condition may increase its risk.
Lifestyle Factors
A sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol consumption, and smoking are known risk factors for osteoporosis. These lifestyle choices can negatively impact bone density and overall health.
Complications
The complications arising from osteoporosis impact not just the skeletal system but also the general health of individuals.
- Fractures: The most common complication is an increased risk of fractures, particularly in the hip, spine, and wrist. These fractures can occur even from minor falls or, in severe cases, from simple actions like bending over or coughing.
- Chronic Pain: Osteoporosis and other calcium disorders can cause chronic pain, affecting mobility and quality of life. Pain may result from fractures or bone deformities.
- Spinal Issues: Vertebral fractures can result in a stooped posture, loss of height, and chronic pain. In severe cases, these changes can also affect lung function and gastrointestinal health.
- Secondary Health Issues: Fractures and immobility can lead to secondary health problems, such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or pneumonia, particularly in individuals who have reduced mobility.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of osteoporosis involves a comprehensive evaluation including a medical history review, physical examination, and specialised tests.
A bone density test, often done through a DEXA scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), is also typically used to aid diagnosis. This helps measure the mineral content and density of bones.
Additionally, blood tests may be conducted to assess calcium levels and other markers that could indicate underlying hormonal imbalances or calcium metabolism disorders.
Treatment Options
Treatment for osteoporosis and calcium disorders involves a combination of medications and therapeutic interventions to manage the condition and reduce the risk of fractures.
Bisphosphonates
These are commonly prescribed medications for osteoporosis, working to prevent the loss of bone mass. They help in maintaining bone density and reducing the risk of fractures.
Denosumab
This is a monoclonal antibody treatment that slows bone loss. It is often used for individuals who cannot take bisphosphonates.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Analogs
These drugs are used in severe osteoporosis cases and are intended to stimulate bone growth and improve bone density.
Hormone-Related Therapy
- For Women: Oestrogen therapy, particularly for postmenopausal women, can help counter the rapid bone loss that occurs after menopause.
- For Men: Testosterone therapy can be considered for those with osteoporosis linked to low testosterone levels.
Dr Daphne Lee
MBBS
MRCP(UK)
FAMS
Dr Daphne Lee has special interests in the comprehensive management & treatment of diabetes, adrenal and pituitary conditions.
Qualifications
- MBBS (National University of Singapore, Singapore) 2006
- MRCP (Royal College of Physicians, United Kingdom)
- Fellow, Academy of Medicine, Singapore (FAMS)
- Registered with Specialist Accreditation Board (SAB)
- Registered with Singapore Medical Council (SMC)
Before private practice, Dr Daphne Lee was a consultant endocrinologist at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital. During her time there, she also ran the pituitary and adrenal clinics.
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Mount Elizabeth Novena Specialist Center
38 Irrawaddy Road, #07 - 63,
Singapore 329563
Gleneagles Medical Centre
6 Napier Road, #03 - 10,
Singapore 258499
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
How Can I Prevent Osteoporosis and Other Calcium Disorders?
Prevention strategies for osteoporosis and calcium disorders include maintaining a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, engaging in regular weight-bearing and strength-training exercises, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Regular bone density tests can be beneficial, especially for those at higher risk. An endocrinologist can provide personalised guidance based on individual health needs.
Can Diet and Lifestyle Changes Help Treat Osteoporosis?
Diet and lifestyle play a role in managing osteoporosis. Incorporating foods high in calcium and vitamin D, such as dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods, along with supplements if necessary, supports bone health. Physical activities that promote bone strength, like walking, jogging, and resistance exercises, are beneficial. Consulting with an endocrinologist can help tailor these changes to your specific condition.
What Should I Avoid Doing If I Have Osteoporosis?
Individuals with osteoporosis should avoid activities that pose a high risk of falling or sudden, heavy impacts, as these can increase the likelihood of fractures. Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are also discouraged as they can accelerate bone loss.
Can Osteoporosis Be Cured Permanently?
While there is no permanent cure for osteoporosis, the condition can be effectively managed through medications, lifestyle adjustments, and regular monitoring. Treatment aims to strengthen bones and may help in minimising the risk of fractures. Regular consultations with an endocrinologist can ensure that the condition is managed effectively and treatments are modified as needed.